Understanding the underlying issues of health care, employment, Afghanistan, the financial crisis and so many other issues facing us as a nation goes deeper to understanding the philosophy of a political movement that took shape in our nation in the late 19th century but goes back even further to the social philosophies of early philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. These philosophies define the individual and the state; terms like Justice, Truth and Equality can have very different meanings depending upon the philosophical prism that these terms are viewed through.
While working in a fresh fruit and vegetable store in the mid 1970s I had a chance to work in a community that was predominately made up of one particular religious sect. I was ‘warned’ by the owner of the store ahead of time that the members of this sect would lie to you and could take advantage of you in their financial dealings. From time to time I would make drop offs at their homes and came to know some of them. One particular older man I came to know pretty well, and felt comfortable enough to ask him why that many on the ‘outside’ of his religion felt that at times his group would lie to the public. His answer was revealing and helps me understand today why many times we misunderstand each other and more particularly leadership and political and social movements and how their ideas and thoughts influence the meaning and intent of their conversations. It’s why one would say, ‘You lie’ and another would agree with the messenger and message. The older gentleman started to explain to me that in his sect of people it wasn’t lying if you didn’t tell the truth to a ‘non-believer’ because the greater good was the outcome of their cause. So that when they looked at Justice, Good or Equity, it was in terms of the goals of their religion. Justice was what produced ‘justice’ for their cause, and ‘good’ was defined in terms of what was ‘good’ in bringing about their cause. Even regarding individuals and their sect, he explained individuals were ‘means’ to an ‘end’ in the goals of their cause; so that the ‘individual’ was expendable for the greater good of their sect (the state).
So when today’s modern American Progressives including, President Obama, Hillary Clinton, Russ Feingold, Charles Schumer and most of DC speak in terms of the Individual, Justice and Equality when addressing issues like: health care, jobs and housing it is important to know the philosophy and value system from which they are speaking.
Progressivism has roots in Plato and the Platonic Society. Plato believed that in the beginning the world was handed down as unchanging Form or Ideas that are the ‘original’ and that from the Form or Ideas comes copies or ‘sensible things’. The original (Forms or Ideas) are perfect and incorruptible, while the copies (Sensible Things) are corruptible and that societies like nature deteriorate over time. The more closely the Sensible Things (copies) resemble the original Form or Ideas the less corruptible it is. Plato’s answer is to ‘arrest change’ by slowing the process of corruption through perpetuating the Form or Ideas in a society through social planning or engineering. Plato believed this could be done best by dividing society into three classes: The Rulers or Philosopher Kings, Warriors or Guardians and The Worker Class. The Rulers or Philosopher Kings were the class that was entrusted with keeping society ‘plumbed’ to the Forms and Ideas (that which what was original and perfect) this was to be an elite class with special education and privilege. The second class (lower than the ruling class) was the Warrior or Guardian class which was entrusted with protecting and enforcing the ideals set forth by the Ruler Class. Lastly were the Workers who were the producers and laborers of society. They had no hand in developing, or implementing or enforcing social policies but they had a responsibility to work and live by the laws which was good, just and right. Plato stressed the importance of harmony within class groups, particularly within the Ruler Class. He felt it was important that the groups for the most part didn’t interact. Equality, Justice, Freedom was defined in terms of society as a whole and more particularly as how they and the individual fit into the State as designed by the Ruler class. So you could see where individual choices at times could be construed as unethical, unjust or against the law as they pertain to the State.
Socrates, who was a mentor to Plato, was a proponent of Individualism and believed freedom best rested with individuals rather than controlled by the state. In fact he was put on trial as a ‘Sophist’ (meaning wisdom, but used in a derogatory way as a ‘false teacher’) who was a threat to the Athens city-state government at the time and was later executed.
In a book by Karl Popper, ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies’, Popper draws very important differences between the Mentor, Socrates and the Student, Plato. Popper points out, “The term ‘individualism’ can be used (Oxford Dictionary) in two different ways: (a. in opposition to collectivism, and (b. in opposition to altruism (pursuit of interest or welfare of others). There is no other way to express the former meaning but several synonyms for the latter, for example ‘egoism’ or ‘selfishness’.” Popper shows that Socrates was an individualist in the former sense, opposing collectivism and that his individualism didn’t contradict at the same time being altruistic and taking personal responsibility in caring for his fellow man. Popper further points out that Socrates unlike his pupil Plato believed in Equalitarianism (the equal distribution of justice under the law and in society). On the other hand Popper points out that Plat believed in Holism (the individual should subserve the interests of the whole) and in fact that was the key to arresting the development of decay in a society. In order for society to maintain the ‘original’ Form and Ideas it must control the behavior of the individual. To emphasize once more, Plato believed that just as nature deteriorates and decays so do social structures from their original Form and Ideas and that while we can never stop the process, with proper social planning it can impede or arrest (Plato’s term) the process. This is done by creating social structures by which individuals are governed or managed to.
Plato’s philosophies have had a major impact on modern social sciences and many philosophers, political scientists and sociologists have been influenced by his ideas, including: Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, and Mills. The Progressive Movement was revived during the Industrial Revolution when issues of labor (child labor and workplace safety), suffrage, and slavery were at the forefront of public concern. Politicians like: Williams Jennings Bryant, Robert LaFollette, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson presented government solutions for these problems and ran campaigns of ‘reform’, promising bigger, better government that was more responsive to the needs of the people. Even issues like universal health care, financial regulation and war/peace movements were debated back then.
It is very important to understand the Progressive Movement today; there are many similarities to Plato’s class system. The Ruling Class today consists of a network of Academia, Think Tanks, Financiers and Politicians that for the most part come from a handful of selective universities that indoctrinate future rulers into the workings and design of the social system (Plato’s Form and Ideas). Here concepts and ideologies are learned and unlearned. These schools are protective of their ideologies, and critical of classical social, political and economic ideas that contradict them. The Warrior Class consists of attorneys, judges, (police and military on higher levels), that implement and enforce societal standards. Finally, there are most of us who are the Worker Class. It is our job to fit into societies plan and be productive like worker bees. There are some differences between Plato’s progressivism and today’s, Plato stressed the importance of class separation and not allowing the progression of lower classes up and class harmony, particularly in the ruling class; while today’s progressivism encourages or uses interclass strife as a means for more government control. Also, while for the most part today’s classes are separate, due to modern communications (internet) it is almost impossible to keep a clear separation. Years past, there was a vast difference in the level of education and the ability to obtain information between classes, while today you can attend college online and information and ideas can be exchanged in online chat rooms. There is also romanticism to the progressive movement today as celebrities like Chevy Chase, Michael Moore and Ben Affleck tie strong emotions to the progressive ideals of social justice, government education, racial tolerance and universal health care. But don’t forget these ideals are not defined in terms of the individual (like you and I would define them) but in terms of the goals of the social plan for society. Here’s a quote from Center for American Progress’ website, ` Our work builds upon progressive ideals put forth by such leaders as Teddy Roosevelt, FDR, JFK, and Martin Luther King. We draw from the great social movements of the 20th century—from labor rights and worker safety, to civil rights and women's suffrage. We translate those values into new ideas and action firmly rooted in the economic and political realities of the 21st century.’ These goals at face value might seem fine but we need to dig down into their meaning and also to find out what their impact would be on individual freedoms.
Finally, centralization (collectivism, progressivism) of resources concentrates power into fewer hands (Ruling Class) creating the possibility of a rapid and powerful progression that can change society arguably for the better or worse. Socrates chose to emphasize the individual as best to meet his own needs and the individual as an altruist to meet the needs of his fellow man (Did you know over 80% of charitable resources comes from private sector). Plato and the Progressive Movement in its focus on the Form and Ideas of a utopian (perfect) society manages the behavior of the individual (the means) in order to create and maintain a better world (the end). Our Constitution does as good a job if not better than any to lay out a form of government that collects a minimum amount of freedoms from the individual in order to maintain a system that protects all freedoms. This is a time to return to the original intent and integrity of the Constitution